Classroom Response System ("Clickers") Bibliography

by Derek Bruff, Assistant Director, Vanderbilt Center for Teaching

Below is a bibliography of articles on classroom response systems (CRSs). Most of the articles present some form of research on the effectiveness or impact of CRSs on student learning. The first group of articles are not discipline-specific; the later articles are grouped by discipline. For more on CRSs, visit our CRS Teaching Guide.

Note that some of the links below may not work off of Vanderbilt's campus. If you have trouble following a link or if you know of an appropriate article to add to this bibliography, please contact Derek Bruff.

[179 entries as of July 31, 2008.]

General Audience
Discipline-Specific Audience

General Audience

Books

Banks, D. A. (Ed.). (2006). Audience response systems in higher education: Applications and cases. Hershey, PA: Information Science Publishing.
Case, S.M., & Swanson, D.B. (2002). Constructing written test questions for the basic and clinical sciences. Philadelphia: National Board of Medical Examiners.
Duncan, D. (2005). Clickers in the classroom: How to enhance science teaching using classroom response systems. San Francisco: Pearson Education.

Introductions to Clickers

Beatty, I. (2004). Transforming student learning with classroom communication systems. Retrieved June 13, 2007.
Bruff, D. (2007). Clickers: A classroom innovation. National Education Association Advocate, 25(1), 5-8.
Deal, A. (2007). Classroom response systems: A teaching with technology white paper. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative. (2005). Seven things you should know about clickers. Retrieved June 13, 2007.
University of Colorado Science Education Initiative & University of British Columbia Carl Wieman Science Education Initiative. (2008). Clicker resource guide: An instructors guide to the effective use of personal response systems (clickers) in teaching. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
Zhu, E. (2007). Teaching with clickers. Center for Research on Learning and Teaching Occasional Papers, 22.

Literature Reviews

Caldwell, J.E. (2007). Clickers in the large classroom: Current research and best-practice tips. Life Sciences Education, 6(1), 9-20.
Fies, C., & Marshall, J. (2006). Classroom response systems: A review of the literature. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 15(1), 101-109.
Judson, E., & Sawada, D. (2002). Learning from past and present: Electronic response systems in college lecture halls. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 21(2), 167-181.
Roschelle, J., Penuel, W.R., & Abrahamson, L. (2004). Classroom response and communication systems: Research review and theory. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.
Simpson, V., & Oliver, M. (2002). Using electronic voting systems in lectures. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
Simpson, V., & Oliver, M. (2007). Electronic voting systems for lectures then and now: A comparison of research and practice. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23(2), 187-208.

Research on Student Perceptions

Barnett, J. (2006). Implementation of personal response units in very large lecture classes: Student perceptions. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 22(4), 474-494.
Graham, C. R., Tripp, T. R., Seawright, L., & Joeckel, G. L. (2007). Empowering or compelling reluctant participators using audience response systems. Active Learning in Higher Education, 8(3), 233-258.
Kaleta, R., & Joosten, T. (2007). Student response systems: A University of Wisconsin study of clickers. Retrieved June 13, 2007.
MacGeorge, E. L., et al. (2007). Student evaluation of audience response technology in large lecture classes. Educational Technology Research and Development, online edition.
Nagy-Shadman, E., & Desrochers, C. (2008). Student response technology: Empirically grounded or just a gimmick? International Journal of Science Education, 1-44, iFirst Article.
Trees, A. R., & Jackson, M. H. (2007). The learning environment in clicker classrooms: Student processes of learning and involvement in large university-level courses using student response systems. Learning, Media, and Technology, 32(1).

Vendor Comparisons & Adoption Issues

Barber, M., & Njus, D. (2007). Clicker evolution: Seeking intelligent design. CBE-Life Sciences Education, 6(1), 1-8.
Briggs, L. (2008, March 26). 10 tips for injecting new technology into your campus. Campus Technology.
Burnstein, R. A., & Lederman, L. M. (2003). Comparison of different commercial wireless keypad systems. The Physics Teacher, 41(5), 272-275.
Freeman, M., Bell, A., Comerton-Forder, C., Pickering J., & Blayney, P. (2007). Factors affecting educational innovation with in class electronic response systems. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23(2), 149-170.
Goeman, B., & Killion, J. (2006). Why classroom response systems? Challenges and potentials. Retrieved June 13, 2007.
Gunderson, M., & Wilson, G. Introducing Student Response Systems at MU. Retrieved June 13, 2007.
Lowery, R.C. (2005). Teaching and learning with interactive student response systems: A comparison of commercial products in the higher-education market. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Social Science Association, New Orleans, LA.
Sibley, J. (2006). Clickers: Another update from the quickly changing landscape. Retrieved June 13, 2007.
Twetten, J., Smith M. K., Julius, J., & Murphy-Boyer, L. (2007). Successful clicker standardization. EDUCAUSE Quarterly, 30(4).

Scholarly Articles

Banks, D. (2003). Using keypad-based group process support systems to facilitate student reflection. Paper presented at the 20th Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education, Adelaide, Australia.
Cue, N. (1998). A universal learning tool for classrooms? Proceedings of the First Quality in Teaching and Learning Conference.
Cutts, Q., Kennedy, G., Mitchell, M., & Draper, S. (2004). Maximising dialogue in lectures using group response systems. Proceedings of the 7th IASTED International Conference on Computers and Advanced Technology in Education.
Draper, S.W., & Brown, M.I. (2004). Increasing interactivity in lectures using an electronic voting system. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 20(2), 81-94.
Draper, S. W., Cargill, J., & Cutts, Q. (2002). Electronically enhanced classroom interaction. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 18(1), 13-23.
Fagen, A.P., Crouch, C.H., & Mazur, E. (2002). Peer instruction: Results from a range of classrooms. The Physics Teacher, 40(4), 206-209.
Hanson, C. R. (2007). An evaluation of a student response system used at Brigham Young University. Master's thesis.
Liu, T., Liang, J., Wang, H., & Chan, T. (2003). The features and potential of interactive response systems. Paper presented at the International Conference on Computers in Education, Hong Kong.
O'Donoghue, M., & O'Steen, B. (2007). Clicking on or off? Lecturers' rationale for using student response systems. Presented at the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education Conference, Singapore.
Penuel, W. R., Boscardin, C. K., Masyn, K., & Crawford, V. M. (2007). Teaching with student response systems in elementary and secondary education settings: A survey study. Educational Technology, Research and Development, 55(4).
Penuel, W.R., Roschelle, J., Crawford, V., Shechtman, N., & Abrahamson, L. (2005). CATAALYST workshop report: Advancing research on the transformative potential of interactive pedagogies and classroom networks. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
Scornavacca, E., & Marshall, S. (2007). TXT-2-LRN: Improving students' learning experience in the classroom through interactive SMS. Presented at the 40th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Woods, H. A., & Chiu, C. Wireless response technology in college classrooms. Accessed November 17, 2007.

News Articles

Associated Press. (2005, May 14). No wrong answer: Click it. Wired News.
Cromie, W. J. (2006, February 23). Harvard launches wireless classroom: Lessons in the palm of your hand. Harvard Gazette.
Epstein, D. (2006, March 15). Peer to peer. Insider Higher Ed.
Epstein, D. (2006, April 7). Trading research for teaching. Inside Higher Ed.
Furlong, K. (2007, April 30). With classroom response systems, new way of learning is only a "click" away. Vanderbilt Register.

This article features an interview with Derek Bruff, Vanderbilt Center for Teaching and Department of Mathematics.
Gilbert, A. (2005, August 5). New for back to school: "Clickers." CNET News.
Guy, S. (2007, February 28). Sometimes a bright idea just clicks. Chicago Sun-Times.
Hafner, K., & Gnatek, T. (2004, April 29). In class, the audience weighs in. New York Times.
Hallett, V. (2005, October 9). Teaching with tech: Podcasts, back channels, and bookless libraries come to campus. U.S. News & World Reports.
Mollman, S. (2008, June 11). Everyone loves to vote: Yes, no, maybe?. CNN.
Pope, J. (2007, November 25). Colleges cope with bigger classes. Associated Press.
Rivers, K. (2005, November 11). Learning a click away in VUSN nutrition class. VUMC Reporter.

This article features an interview with Jamie Pope and Bettina Lippert, Vanderbilt School of Nursing.

Discipline-Specific Audience

Biological Sciences

Brewer, C. A. (2004). Near real-time assessment of student learning and understanding in biology courses. BioScience, 54(11), 1034-1039.
Brickman, P. (2006). The case of the druid dracula: A directed "clicker" case study on DNA fingerprinting. Journal of College Science Teaching, 36(2), 48-53.
Cotner, S., Baepler, P., Kellerman, A. (2008). Scratch this!: The IF-AT as a technique for stimulating group discussion and exposing misconceptions. Journal of College Science Teaching, 37(4), 48-53.
Crossgrove, K., & Curran, K. L. (2008). Using clickers in nonmajors- and majors-level biology courses: Student opinion, learning, and long-term retention of course material. CBE-Life Sciences Education, 7, 146-154.
D'Arcy, C. J., Eastburn, D. M., & Mullally, K. (2007). Effective use of a personal response system in a general education plant pathology class. The Plant Health Instructor.
El-Rady, J. (2006). To click or not to click: That's the question. Innovate Journal of Online Education, 2(4).
Freeman, S., et al. (2007). Prescribed active learning increases performance in introductory biology. CBE-Life Sciences Education, 6, 132-139.
Griff, E. R. (2008). Early identification of at-risk students using a personal response system. British Journal of Educational Technology, in press.
Hatch, J., Jensen, M., & Moore, R. (2005). Manna from heaven or "clickers" from hell: Experiences with an electronic response system. Journal of College Science Teaching, 34(7), 36-39.
Herreid, C. F. (2006). "Clicker" cases: Introducing case study teaching into large classrooms. Journal of College Science Teaching, 36(2), 43-47.
Knight, J. K., & Wood, W. B. (2005). Teaching more by lecturing less. Cell Biology Education, 4, 298-310.
Preszler, R.W., Dawe, A., Shuster, C.B., & Shuster, M. (2007). Assessment of the effects of student response systems on student learning and attitudes over a broad range of biology courses. CBE-Life Sciences Education, 6(1), 29-41.
Ribbens, R. (2007). Why I like clicker personal response systems. Journal of College Science Teaching, 37(2), 60-63.
Suchman, E., Uchiyama, K., Smith, R., & Bender, K. (2006). Evaluating the use of a classrom response system in a microbiology course. Microbiology Education, 7, 3-11.
Wood, W. (2004). Clickers: A teaching gimmick that works. Developmental Cell, 7(6), 796-798.

Business

Beekes, W. (2006). The "Millionaire" method for encouraging participation. Active Learning in Higher Education, 7(1), 25-36.
Carnaghan, C., & Webb, Alan. (2007). Investigating the effects of group response systems on student satisfaction, learning, and engagement in accounting education. Issues in Accounting Education, 22(3), 391-409.
Freeman, M., Blayney, P., & Ginns, P. (2006). Anonymity and in class learning: The case for electronic response systems. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 22(4), 568-580.
Guthrie, R. W., & Carlin, A. (2004). Waking the dead: Using interactive technology to engage passive listeners in the classroom. Presented at the Tenth Americas Conference on Information Systems, New York, NY.
Masikunas, G., Panayiotidis, A., & Burke, L. (2007). The use of electronic voting systems in lectures within business and marketing: A case study of their impact on student learning. Open & Distance Education and eLearning, 15(1), 3-20.
Williams, J. B. (2003). Learning by remote control: Exploring the use of an audience response system as a vehicle for content delivery. Presented at the Twentieth Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education, Adelaide, Australia.

Chemistry

Asirvatham, M. R. (2005). IR clickers and ConcepTests: Engaging students in the classroom. Paper presented at the Winter 2005 CONCHEM: Trends and New Ideas in Chemical Education, online.
Blackman, M. S., Dooley, P., Kuchinski, B., & Chapman, D. (2002). It worked a different way. College Teaching, 50(1), 27-28.
Bunce, D. M., VandenPlas, J., & Havanki, K. (2006). Comparing the effectiveness on student achievement of a student response system versus online WebCT quizzes. Journal of Chemical Education, 83(3), 488-493.
Hall, R. H., Collier, H. L., Thomas, M., & Hilgers, M. G. (2005). A student response system for increasing engagement, motivation, and learning in high enrollment lectures. Paper presented at the 11th Americas Conference on Information Systems, Omaha, Nebraska.
King, D. B., & Joshi, S. (2006). Quantitative measures of personal response device effectiveness. Poster presented at the 232nd Meeting of the American Chemical Society, San Francisco, CA.

Communications

Barrett, M. S., Bornsen, S. E., Erickson, S. L., Markey, V., & Spiering, K. (2005). The personal response system as a teaching aid. Communication Teacher, 19(3), 89-92.
Rice, R. E., & Bunz, U. (2003). Evaluating a wireless course feedback system: The role of demographics, expertise, fluency, competency, and usage. Presented at the 89th National Communication Association Convention, Miami, FL.

Computer Science

Cutts, Q., Carbone, A., & van Haaster, K. (2004). Using an electronic voting system to promote active reflection on coursework feedback. Paper presented at the International Conference on Computers in Education, Melbourne, Australia.
Cutts, Q. I., & Kennedy, G. E. (2005). Connecting learning environments using electronic voting systems. Presented at the Australasian Computing Education Conference, Newcastle, Australia.
Fan, K.-Y. D., & van Blink, C. D. (2006). A comparison and evaluation of personal response systems in introductory computer programming. Paper presented at the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, Chicago, Illinois.
Kennedy, G. E., & Cutts, Q. I. (2005). The association between students' use of an electronic voting system and their learning outcomes. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 21(4), 260-268.
Lopez-Herrejon, R. E., & Schulman, M. (2004). Using interactive technology in a short Java course: an experience report. Presented at the Ninth SIGCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, Leeds, UK.
Martyn, M. (2007). Clickers in the classroom: An active learning approach. EDUCAUSE Quarterly, 30(2), 71-74.
Purchase, H. C., Mitchell, C., & Ounis, I. (2004). Gauging students' understanding through interactive lectures. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3112.

Earth Sciences

Greer, L., & Heaney, P. J. (2004). Real-time analysis of student comprehension: An assessment of electronic student response technology in an introductory earth science course. Journal of Geoscience Education, 52(4), 345-351.
McConnell, D. A., et al. (2006). Using ConcepTests to assess and improve student conceptual understanding in introductory geoscience courses. Journal of Geoscience Education, 54(1), 61-68.
Zimmerman, A.R., & Smith, M.C. (2006). Engaging today's students in earth science 101. EOS, 87(34), 339-344.

Economics

Cheung, S. L. (2008). Using mobile phone messaging as a response medium in classroom experiments. Journal of Economics Education, 39(1), 51-67.
Elliott, C. (2003). Using a personal response system in economics teaching. International Review of Economics Education, 1(1), 80-86.
Freeman, M., & Blayney, P. (2005). Promoting interactive in-class learning environments: A comparison of an electronic response system with a traditional alternative. Paper presented at the 11th Australasian Teaching Economics Conference, Sydney, Australia.
Hinde, K., & Hunt, A. (2006). Using the personal response system to enhance student learning: Some evidence from teaching economics. In Banks, D. A. (Ed.), Audience Response Systems in Higher Education: Applications and Cases. Hershey, PA: Information Science Publishing.
Nguyen, L., Fraunholz, B., Salzman, S., & Smith, R. (2006). Students' performance and perception linked to the use of group and audience repsonse systems (GARS) in large classes. Paper presented the 2006 Collaborative Electronic Commerce Technology and Research Conference, Adelaide, Australia.

Engineering

Auras, R., & Bix, L. (2007). Wake Up! The effectiveness of a student response system in large packaging classes. Packaging Technology and Science, 20, 183-195.
Boyle, J. T., & Nicol, D. J. (2003). Using classroom communication systems to support interaction and discussion in large class settings. Association of Learning Technology Journal, 11(1), 43-57.
Hall, S. R., et al. (2002). Adoption of active learning in a lecture-based engineering class. Paper presented at the 32nd ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Boston, MA.
Nicol, D., & Boyle, J. (2003). Peer instruction versus class-wide discussion in large classes: A comparison of two interaction methods in the wired classroom. Studies in Higher Education, 28(4), 457-473.
Paschal, C. B. (2002). Formative assessment in physiology teaching using a wireless classroom communication system. Advances in Physiology Education, 26(4), 299-308.
Roselli, R. J., & Brophy, S. P. (2002). Exploring an electronic polling system for the assessment of student progress in two biomedical engineering courses. Presented at the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, Montreal, Canada.
Roselli, R. J., & Brophy, S. P. (2006). Experiences with formative assessment in engineering classrooms. Journal of Engineering Education, 95, 311-324.
Siau, K., Sheng, H., & Nah, F. F. (2006). Use of a classroom response system to enhance classroom interactivity. IEEE Transactions on Education, 49(3), 398-403.
Su, Q. (2002). Teaching innovation using a computerised audience response system. Presented at the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
van Dijk, L. A., van den Berg, G. C., & van Keulen, H. (2001). Interactive lectures in engineering education. European Journal of Engineering Education, 26(1), 15-28.

English

Jenkins, A. (2007). Technique and technology: Electronic voting systems in an English literature lecture. Pedagogy, 7(3), 526-533.

Law

Burton, K. (2004). Interactive PowerPoints: Is there any point in giving power to students? Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law, 11(4).
Caron, P. L., & Gely, R. (2004). Taking back the law school classroom: Using technology to foster active student learning. Journal of Legal Education, 54.

Library Science & Information Literacy

Bombaro, C. (2007). Using audience response technology to teach academic integrity: "The seven deadly sins of plagiarism" at Dickinson College. Reference Services Review, 35(2), 296-309.
Corcos, E., & Monty, V. (2008). Interactivity in library presentations using a personal response system. EDUCAUSE Quarterly, 31(2), 53-60.
Hoffman, C., & Goodwin, S. (2006). A clicker for your thoughts: Technology for active learning. New Library World, 107(1228/1229), 422-433.

Mathematics & Statistics

See also the bibliography available at Project Math QUEST's resource page.

Blodgett, D.L. (2006). The effects of implementing an interactive student response system in a college algebra classroom. Retrieved June 17, 2007.
Butler, M. (2005). What I learned from using a personal response system. Mathematical Association of America FOCUS, 25(3), 15.
Cline, K. (2006). Classroom voting in mathematics. Mathematics Teacher, 100(2), 100-104.
Cline, K., Zullo, H., & Parker, M. (2007). Teaching with classroom voting. Mathematical Association of America FOCUS, 27(5), 22-23.
Cline, K., Zullo, H., & Parker, M. (2007). Using classroom voting in mathematics courses. Paper presented at the 19th Annual International Conference on Technology in Collegiate Mathematics, Boston, MA.
d'Inverno, R., Davis, H., & White, S. (2003). Using a personal response system for promoting student interaction. Teaching Mathematics and Its Applications, 22(4), 163-169.
Lass, D., Morzuch, B., & Rogers, R. (2007). Teaching with technology to engage students and enhance learning. University of Massachusetts-Amherst Department of Resource Economics Working Paper. Accessed December 13, 2007.
Lomen, D. O., & Robinson, M. K. (2004). Using ConcepTests in single and multivariable calculus. Paper presented at the 16th Annual International Conference on Technology in Collegiate Mathematics, Chicago, IL.
Lucas, A. (2008). Using peer instruction and i>clickers to enhance student participation in calculus. PRIMUS, in press.
McCabe, M., Heal, A., & White, A. (2001). Integration of group response systems into teaching. Paper presented at the 5th International CAA Conference.
McCabe, M., Heal, A., & White, A. (2001). New approaches to computer assessment for higher level learning. Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Technology in Mathematics Teaching.
Miller, R.L., Santana-Vega, E., & Terrell, M.S. (2006). Can good questions and peer discussion improve calculus instruction?, PRIMUS, 16(3).
Wit, E. (2003). Who wants to be... The use of a personal response system in statistics teaching. MSOR Connections, 3(2), 14-20.

Medical Professions (Non-Nursing)

Collins, L. (2007). Livening up the classroom: Using audience response systems to promote active learning. Medical Reference Services Quarterly, 26(1), 81-88.
Duggan, P. M., Palmer, E., & Devitt, P. (2007). Electronic voting to encourage interactive lectures: A randomised trial. BMC Medical Education, 7(25).
Eggert, C. H., West, C. P., & Thomas, K. G. (2004). Impact of an audience response system. Medical Education, 38, 576.
Fitch, J. L. (2004). Student feedback in the college classroom: A technology solution. Educational Technology Research and Development, 52(1), 71-77.
Ganger, A. C., & Jackson, M. (2003). Wireless handheld computers in the preclinical undergraduate curriculum. Medical Education Online, 8(3).
Homme, J., Asay, G., & Morgenstern, B. (2004). Utilisation of an audience response system. Medical Education, 38, 575.
Jackson, M., Ganger, A. C., Bridge, P. D., & Ginsburg, K. (2005). Wireless handheld computers in the undergraduate medical curriculum. Medical Education Online, 10(5).
Latessa, R., & Mouw, D. (2005). Use of an audience response system to augment interactive learning. Family Medicine, 37(1), 12-14.
Menon, A. S., et al. (2004). Audience response made easy: Using personal digital assistants as a classroom polling tool. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 11(3), 217-220.
Miller, R. G., Ashar, B. H., & Getz, K. J. (2003). Evaluation of an audience response system for the continuing education of health professionals. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 23, 109-115.
Moy, J. R., Rodenbaugh, D. W., Collins, H. L., & DiCarlo, S. E. (2000). Who wants to be a physician? An educational tool for reviewing pulmonary physiology. Advances in Physiology Education, 24(1), 30-37.
Pradhan, A., Sparano, D., & Ananth, C. V. (2005). The influence of an audience response system on knowledge retention: An application to resident education. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 193, 1827-1830.
Rao, S. P., & DiCarlo, S. E. (2000). Peer instruction improves performance on quizzes. Advances in Physiology Education, 24(1), 51-55.
Robertson, L. J. (2000). Twelve tips for using a computerised interactive audience response system. Medical Teacher, 22(3), 237-239.
Schackow, T. E., Chavez, M., Loya, L., & Friedman, M. (2004). Audience response system: Effect on learning in family medicine residents. Family Medicine, 36(7), 496-504.
Slain, D., et al. (2004). An interactive response system to promote active learning in the doctor of pharmacy curriculum. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 68(5).
Torbeck, L. (2007). Enhancing programme evaluation using the audience response system. Medical Education, 41, 1088-1089.
Uhari, M., Renko, M., & Soini, H. (2003). Experiences of using an interactive audience response system in lectures. BMC Medical Education, 3(12).
Williams, B., & Boyle M. (2008). The use of interactive wireless keypads for interprofessional learning experiences by undergraduate emergency health students. International Journal of Education and Development Using ICT, 4(1).

Nursing

DeBourgh, G. A. (2007). Use of classroom "clickers" to promote acquisition of advanced reasoning skills. Nurse Education in Practice, in press.
Moredich, C., & Moore, E. (2007). Engaging students through the use of classroom response systems. Nurse Educator, 32(3), 113-116.
Skiba, D. J. (2006). Got large lecture hall classes? Use clickers. Nursing Education Perspectives, 27(5), 278-280.
Stein, P. S., Challman, S. D., & Brueckner, J. K. (2006). Using audience response technology for pretest reviews in an undergraduate nursing course. Journal of Nursing Education, 45(11), 469-473.

Philosophy

Stuart, S. A. J., Brown, M. I., & Draper, S.W. (2004). Using an electronic voting system in logic lectures: One practitioner’s application. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 20(2), 95-102.

Physics and Astronomy

Beatty, I., Gerace, W., Leonard, W., & Dufresne, R. (2006). Designing effective questions for classroom response system teaching. American Journal of Physics, 74(1), 31-39.
Beuckman, J., Rebello, N. S., & Zollman, D. (2006). Impact of a classroom interaction system on student learning. Presented at the Physics Education Research Conference, Syracuse, New York.
Bullock, D. W., et al. (2002). Enhancing the student-instructor interaction frequency. The Physics Teacher, 40, 30-36.
Burnstein, R. A., & Lederman, L. M. (2001). Using wireless keypads in lecture classes. The Physics Teacher, 39, 8-11.
Byrd, G. G., Coleman, S., & Werneth, C. (2004). Exploring the universe together: Cooperative quizzes with and without a classroom performance system in Astronomy 101. Astronomy Education Review, 3(1), 26-30.
Crouch, C. H., & Mazur, E. (2001). Peer instruction: Ten years of experience and results. American Journal of Physics, 69(9), 970-977.
Dufresne, R. J., & Gerace, W. J. (2004). Assessing-to-learn: Formative assessment in physics instruction. The Physics Teacher, 42, 428-433.
Duncan, D. (2006). Clickers: A new teaching aid with exceptional promise. Astronomy Education Review, 5(1), 70-88.
Fies, C. H. (2005). Classroom response systems: What do they add to an active learning environment? Accessed October 10, 2007.
Gonzalez-Espada, W. J., & Bullock, D. W. (2007). Innovative applications of classroom response systems: Investigating students' item response times in relation to final course grade, gender, general point average, and high school ACT scores. Electronic Journal for the Integration of Technology in Education, 6.
James, M. C. (2006). The effect of grading incentive on student discourse in peer instruction. American Journal of Physics, 74(8), 689-691.
Lasry, N. (2007). Peer instruction: Comparing clickers to flashcards. Accessed April 11, 2008.
Len, P. M. (2007). Different reward structures to motivate student interaction with electronic response systems in astronomy. Astronomy Education Review, 5(2), 5-15.
Mazur, E. (1997). Peer instruction: A user’s manual. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Meltzer, D. E., & Manivannan, K. (2002). Transforming the lecture-hall environment: The fully interactive physics lecture. American Journal of Physics, 70(6), 639-454.
Milner-Bolotin, M. (2004). Tips for using a peer response system in a large introductory physics class. The Physics Teacher, 42, 253-254.
Reay, N. W., et al. (2005). Toward the effective use of voting machines in physics lectures. American Journal of Physics, 73(6), 554-558.
Reay, N. W., Li, Pengfei, & Bao, Lei. (2008). Testing a new voting machine methodology. American Journal of Physics, 72(2), 171-178.
Sharma, M. D., Khachan, J., Chan, B., & O'Bryne, J. (2005). An investigation of the effectiveness of electronic classroom communication systems in large lectures. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 21(2), 137-154.

Political Science

Kam, C. D., & Sommer, B. (2005). Real-time polling technology in a public opinion course. Accessed November 15, 2007.
Peterson, G. D. (2007). To click or not to click: The impact of student response systems on political science courses. Paper presented at the American Political Science Association Teaching and Learning Conference, Charlotte, North Carolina.

Psychology

Cleary, A. M. (2008). Using wireless response systems to replicate behavioral research findings in the classroom. Teaching of Psychology, 35(1), 42-44.
Epstein, M. L, et al. (2002). Immediate feedback assessment technique promotes learning and corrects inaccurate first responses. The Psychological Record, 52(2), 187-201.
Ewing, A. (2006). Increasing classroom engagement through the use of psychology. Accessed April 18, 2008.
Kellum, K. K., Carr, J. E., & Dozier, C. L. (2001). Response-card instruction and student learning in a college classroom. Teaching of Psychology, 28(2), 101-104.
Langley, M. M., Cleary, A. M., & Kostic, B. N. (2007). On the use of wireless response systems in experimental psychology: Implications for the behavioral researcher. Behavior Research Methods, 39(4), 816-823.
Morling, B., McAuliffe, M., Cohen, L., & DiLorenzo, T. M. (2008). Efficacy of personal response systems ("clickers") in large, introductory psychology classes. Teaching of Psychology, 35(1), 45-50.
Poirier, C. R., & Feldman, R. S. (2007). Promoting active learning using individual response technology in large introductory psychology classes. Teaching of Psychology, 34(3), 194-196.
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