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Our original model of the parental involvement process (Hoover-Dempsey
& Sandler, 1995, 1997) is included below [“Original Model,” in blue]).
Work completed in our lab since the model was published has suggested several
revisions. These revisions are summarized below in the “Current/Revised
Model” (below, in yellow); they are described more fully in Hoover-Dempsey
and Sandler (2005) and in Walker, Wilkins, Dallaire, Sandler, & Hoover-Dempsey
(2005; see also Hoover-Dempsey, Battiato, Walker, Reed, DeJong, & Jones,
2001; Hoover-Dempsey, Walker, Jones & Reed, 2002; Hoover-Dempsey, Walker,
Sandler, Whetsel, Green, Wilkins, & Closson, 2005). On-going work in
our lab is focused on further examination of constructs and relationships
included in the Current/Revised model.
The Hoover-Dempsey &
Sandler Model of Parental Involvement
Level 5
Level 4
Student
Attributes Conducive to Achievement
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Academic Self-Efficacy
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Intrinsic Motivation to Learn
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Self-Regulatory Strategy Use
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Social Self-Efficacy Teachers
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Level 3
Mediated
by Child Perception of Parent Mechanisms
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Encouragement
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Modeling
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Reinforcement
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Instruction
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Level 2
Parent
Mechanisms of Involvement
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Encouragement
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Modeling
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Reinforcement
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Instruction
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Parent
Involvement Forms
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Values, goals,
etc.
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Home
Involvement
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School Communication
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School
Involvement
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Level 1
Personal
Motivation
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Invitations
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Life
Context
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Parental
Role Construction
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Parental Efficacy
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General School Invitations
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Specific School Invitations
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Specific Child Invitations
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Knowledge and Skills
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Time and Energy
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Family Culture
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Click here to download the current/revised model in Microsoft
Word format. A PDF file
of the Model is also available. PDF files may be better for printing
purposes. Many computers already have Adobe Acrobat Reader, which
allows you to open these files. However, if your computer does
not, a free copy is available at the Adobe Web Site for both Windows and Macintosh platforms.
Please contact manya.c.whitaker@vanderbilt.edu
with any requests if you have difficulty obtaining documents
from our site.
The Hoover-Dempsey &
Sandler (1995, 1997) Model of Parental Involvement
LEVEL 5: Child/Student Outcomes
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Skills and Knowledge
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Efficacy for Doing Well in School
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LEVEL 4: Tempering/Mediating
Variables
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Parents' Use of Developmentally
Appropriate Involvement Strategies
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Fit between Parents' Involvement
Actions & School Expectations
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LEVEL 3: Mechanisms through
which Parent Involvement Influences Child/Student Outcomes
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Modeling
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Reinforcement
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Instruction
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Close-Ended
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Open-Ended
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LEVEL 2: Parents' Choice of
Involvement Forms
Influenced by:
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Specific Domains of
Parents' Skills & Knowledge
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Mix of Demands on Total
Time & Energy from:
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Specific Invitations
and Demands for Involvement from:
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Other Family Demands
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Employment Demands
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Child(ren)
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School/Teacher(s)
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LEVEL 1: Parental Involvement
Decision
(The Parent's Positive Decision to Become Involved) Influenced by:
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Parent's Construction
of the Parental Role
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Parent's Sense of Efficacy
for Helping Child(ren) Succeed in School
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General Opportunities
and Demands for Parental Involvement Presented by:
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The Parent's Child(ren)
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Child(ren)'s School(s)
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Click here to download the original model in Microsoft
Word format. A PDF file of
the Model is also available. PDF files may be better for printing
purposes. Many computers already have Adobe Acrobat Reader, which
allows you to open these files. However, if your computer does not,
a free copy is available at the Adobe Web Site for both Windows and Macintosh platforms. Please
contact manya.c.whitaker@vanderbilt.edu
with any requests if you have difficulty obtaining documents
from our site.
References
Hoover-Dempsey, K.V., & Sandler, H.M. (2005). Final Performance
Report for OERI Grant #R305T010673: The Social Context of Parental Involvement:
A Path to Enhanced Achievement. Presented to Project Monitor, Institute
of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, March 22, 2005.
Hoover-Dempsey, K.V., Walker, J.M.T., Sandler, H.M., Whetsel,
D., Green, C.L., Wilkins, A.S., & Closson, K.E. (2005). Why do parents
become involved? Research findings and implications. Elementary
School Journal, 106(2); 105-130
Walker, J.M., Wilkins, A.S., Dallaire, J., Sandler, H.M., &
Hoover-Dempsey, K.V. (2005). Parental involvement: Model revision through
scale development. Elementary School Journal, 106(2);
85-104
Hoover-Dempsey, K.V., Walker, J.M., Jones, K.P., & Reed, R.P.
(2002). Teachers Involving Parents (TIP): An in-service teacher education
program for enhancing parental involvement. Teaching and Teacher Education,
18(7), 843-867.
Hoover-Dempsey, K.V., Battiato, A.C., Walker, J.M., Reed, R.P., DeJong,
J., & Jones, K.P. (2001). Parental involvement in homework. Educational
Psychologist, 36(3), 195-209.
Hoover-Dempsey, K.V., & Sandler, H.M. (1997). Why do parents become
involved in their children's education? Review of Educational
Research, 67, 3-42.
Hoover-Dempsey, K.V., & Sandler, H.M. (1995). Parental involvement
in children's education: Why does it make a difference? Teachers College
Record, 97, 310-331.
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