Europeans and Natives: The Road to Removal

1. Europeans and Natives: The Mindset
   1. Indians as "Savages"
      1. Unworthy of Inclusion Into "Civilized" Society
      2. The Irish Precedent
   2. North America as "Wilderness"
      1. Depopulation--The "Columbian Exchange"
      2. Land Use
         1. Practices
            1. Natives--Mixed Agriculture and Hunting/Gathering--A Balance with Nature
            2. Europeans--Intensive, Settled Agriculture and Exploitation
      3. European Philosophy--Those Not "Using" the Land Forfeit It.
   3. European Objectives--Dispossess the Natives, BUT
   4. Treat Them as "Sovereigns"--The Treaty System
2. Native Peoples Before the Revolution
   1. External Pressures
   2. Internal Crises
      1. Depopulation
      2. Trade With Europeans--Furs, Skins, and Slaves
         1. Upsetting the Long-Time Balance With Nature
         2. Increased Warfare
      3. Cultural Decay
3. The Revolution and Its Consequences
   1. War With the Settlers
   2. The Peace of Paris (1783) and US Claims to Native Lands--the "Right of Conquest"
   3. Increased Pressure From Settlers and Speculators
   4. The Northwest Ordinance
4. Native Reaction--Unification and "Nativism"
   1. The South--Alexander McGillivray and the Creeks
   2. The Northwest--The Western Alliance--Alliance With the British
5. The Constitution and the Federal Government
   1. Renewed Military/Diplomatic Push--The Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) and Jay's Treaty
   2. The Origins of American Indian Policy--Henry Knox and "Civilization"
      1. Objective Still Expansion, BUT
      2. Disdain for "Disorderly" Settlers, Speculators and Rogue States
      3. Cajoling Natives Into Accepting Settled Agricultural Life (and Giving Up "Excess" Land)
         1. Government Support
         2. Missionary Schools
      4. The Failure of "Civilization"
         1. Gender Roles and Native Culture
         2. An Exception--The Southern "Civilized Tribes" and Slavery
6. The Jeffersonian Era--Rising Conflict
   1. Accelerated American Land Acquisition--William Henry Harrison
   2. Response--A New Nativism--Tecumseh and Tenswatawa
   3. The War of 1812--Final Defeat of the Eastern Native Challenge
7. After 1812--A New, Harder White Attitude
   1. Renewed Settler Pressures
   2. Repudiation of Native Sovereignty--Native Rights as a "States' Rights" Issue
   3. Rising Racism--America as a "White Man's Country"
   4. Toward Removal