Mexico

761,600 square miles; population 95 million; 70% mestizo, 30% Indian

Independence
Miguel Hidalgo
    1810 launches a revolt with the "grito de Dolores": Long Live Our Lady of Guadalupe!
             Death to the Spanish Dogs!"
             he envisioned a popular rebellion, led by Indians and poor Creoles
             called for the abolition of slavery and tribute
    1811 Hidalgo captured, held for 4 months and then killed
    1811-1815: revolution led by another progressive priest, José Morelos, but he too is killed

1823, independence from Spain is achieved, led by elite Creoles and Augustín Iturbide
1824 Estados Unidos de México formally established

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
U.S. slowly moving into Texas; the Alamo in 1836
1845 President Polk annexes Texas, and Mexicans declare war
1847, U.S. troops occupy Mexico City
1848, treaty signed and U.S. pays $18 million for most of California, New Mexico, Arizona, and parts of
    Colorado and Texas; in 1853 the rest is bought for $10 million; this amounted to almost 1/2 the
    Mexican national territory

French Interventions
by the 1860s Mexico has amassed a huge debt to France
1861 Napoleon III invades Mexico; French troops defeated 5 de Mayo, 1861
1863 Maximilian von Hapsburg of Austria installed as Mexico's ruler (allied with the conservatives)
1867 Hapsburg overthrown

Dictators
Benitos Juárez
Porfirio Díaz rules from 1876 - 1811
the last of the old style dictators in Mexico
a liberal, like Juárez
15 % literacy rate
90 % landless

The Mexican Revolution  
1910 revolution declared by Francisco Madero
1911 Madero elected president, initial support from Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
1913 Madero imposes tax on oil companies and the U.S. send down warships to Verzacruz
Victoriano Huerta made president after he kills Madero
1914 President Wilson again sends troops to Veracruz; Huerta captured and died in a Texas jail)

Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
Villa in the north (Chihuahua) and Zapata near Mexico City (Morelos) had participated in the
        1910 revolution, but were more populist and revolutionary than Madero, although they
        ended up supporting him for president
Zapata's famous revolutionary cry "Tierra y Libertad" used to mobilize Indian plantation workers

1911 Zapata issues his "Plan de Ayala": seizure of all foreign land and 1/3 of large plantations to
        be returned to Indian communities and distributed to peasants
Madero doesn't go along with their extreme demands, and they form a revolution against the revolution
1915 Villa and Zapata occupy Mexico City
Venustiano Carranza emerges as president in 1917
1917 Constitution
agrarian reform integral part
between 1917 and 1034 25 million acres of land redistributed to 1 million peasants
destroyed the old hacienda system
established ejidos
             redistributed lands held communally
             worked by individual families, but allocated by the ejido committee
             today produce about 1/2 of Mexico's food, but threatened by NAFTA
1919 Carranza tricks Zapata and has him killed
1923 Villa killed

PRI Politics
The Partido Revolucionario Nacional formed in 1928; changed to the Partido Revolutionario Institucional
         (PRI) in 1946
1934 -1940 Lázaro Cárdenas president
accelerates land reform: 50 million acres redistributed to 7.7 million farmers
1937 grants exile to Trotsky
1938 expropriates all foreign oil company property, creates PEMEX
state owned companies

PRI very effective at incorporating dissent
ruled Mexico from 1928 - 2000

1988 - 1994 Carlos Salinas
neo-liberal reforms
NAFTA
corruption scandal
1994 - 2000 Ernesto Zedillo

2000 elections:
PAN: National Action Party, to the right: Vicente Fox
PRI    Francisco Labastida Ochoa
PRD: Democratic Revolutionary Party, to the left: Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas (mayor of Mexico City)

end to PRI rule

NX514 .A1 E36 2001
The effects of the nation : Mexican art in an age of globalization
Good, Carl.