Franz Boas (1858 - 1941)
                      
a short biography may be found at: http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/information/biography/abcde/boas_franz.html

1881 doctoral dissertation in physics from the University of Kiel, on the color of sea water
            psycho-physics

studied in Berlin with Rudolph Virchow and Adolph Bastian.

Bastian was a student of Völkerpsychologie
        psychic unity of humankind (an idea that later influenced Freud’s protégée Carl Jung)

1883-1884   expedition to Baffin Island/Cumberland Sound

returned to Berlin, then to the U.S.

The Jesup Expedition 1897-1902
        long-term project on the NW Coast of N America (Kwakiutl)

Fieldwork
    inductive reasoning
    all 4 subfields
    positivism
    salvage ethnography
Cultures are guided by an "unreflected logic" that anthropologists seek to uncover.

Cultural Relativism
    Values are relative: one culture’s terms and categories cannot be transposed onto another.
    limits of relativism

 
Historical Particularlism
    refutation of 19^th century evolutionism
    p. 90: lays out the program; and p. 95
    anti-monolineal evolution
   diffusion
Masks

Modern Definitions of Culture
    Boas added to Tylor’s definition the notions of plurality, historicity, integration (a coherent whole), and relativity
    separate from race and heredity
    Nurture over nature

Social Activism

Selected Bibliography of the works of Franz Boas (1858-1942)

Physical Anthropology/Race
1928. Materials for the study of inheritance in man. New York, Columbia University Press.
1940. Race, language and culture. New York, The Macmilliam Company.
"Anthropology... is often held to be a subject that may satisfy our curiosity regarding the early history of mankind, but of no immediate bearing upon the problems that confront us. This view has always seemed to me erroneous... In the following pages I have collected such of my writings as, I hope, will prove the validity of my point of view."--Pref.

Linguistics
1911. Handbook of American Indian languages. Washington, Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution.
1917. Grammatical notes on the language of the Tlingit Indians. Philadelphia, University museum.
1947. Kwakiutl grammar, with glossary of the suffixes. Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society.

Cultural Anthropology
General/Ethnography
1888. The central Eskimo. Washington, Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution.
1909. The Kwakiutl of Vancouver Island. Leiden, E. J. Brill; New York, G. E. Stechert.
1911. The mind of primitive man, a course of lectures delivered before the Lowell institute, Boston, Mass., and the National University of Mexico, 1910-1911. New York, The Macmillan company
1921. Thirty-fifth annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1913-1914.
1925. Contributions to the ethnology of the Kwakiutl. New York, Columbia University Press.
1930. The religion of the Kwakiutl Indians. New York, Columbia University Press.
1934. Geographical names of the Kwakiutl Indians. New York, Columbia University Press.

Folklore/Mythology
1894. Chinook texts. Washington, Smithsonian institution, Bureau of American Ethnology.
1898. The mythology of the Bella Coola Indians. New York, American Museum of Natural History.
1901. Kathlamet texts. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American ethnology.
1902. Tsimshian texts. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American ethnology.
1905. Kwakiutl texts, with George Hunt. Leiden, E.J. Brill; New York, G.E. Stechert.
1906. Kwakiutl texts--second series, with George Hunt. Leiden, E. J. Brill; New York, G. E. Stechert & Co., 1906.
1910. Kwakiutl tales New York, Columbia University Press; Leyden, E.J. Brill.
1918. Kutenai tales. Washington, Smithsonian institution, Bureau of American Ethnology.
1918. Kutenai tales, with texts collected by Alexander Francis Chamberlain. Washington, Smithsonian institution, Bureau of American Ethnology.
1928. Keresan texts. New York, The American ethnological society.
1934,1945. Kwakiutl tales, new series. 2 volumes. New York, Columbia University Press.
1935. Kwakiutl culture as reflected in mythology. New York, The American Folk-lore Society.

Art
1898. Facial paintings of the Indians of northern British Columbia. New York, American Museum of Natural History.
1955. Primitive art. New York, Dover Publications.

Applied Anthropology/Activism
1912. An anthropologist's view of war. New York, American Association for International Conciliation
1915. Race and nationality. New York, American Association for International Conciliation.
1928. Anthropology and modern life. New York, W.W. Norton & Company.
1945. Race and democratic society. New York, J. J. Augustin