Sambia

Jerungdu, wogaanyu, havaltnu

War

Van Gennep, Arnold.  1909.  Rites of Passage.
        1. separation
        2. marginality
        3. reintegration

Turner, Victor. 1969. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure:
liminality: is an ambiguous state of being, "betwixt and between" normal states or conditions (and also between inner desires and social controls). Turner sees liminality present in all sorts of rituals. He stresses that it is an inverse state, or anti-structure: it is the reversal of social norms. For Turner, liminality symbolically represents a period of regression, away from culture (and its ordering of life) toward nature (and its untamed chaos).
communitas: liminality, collectively realized, also involves communitas. Communitas is an intense feeling of group unity and solidarity, reinforced and facilitated by collective liminality

The 6 stages of Sambia initiation
    1-3 are collective; 4-6 individual
    lasts from about age 7 to mid 20s

    MB = ritual sponsor

First stage: initial 7 day ritual initiation, taught secrets of the flutes and forced to perform fellatio on older boys; lasts for several years

Second stage: live in men's house, continue to ingest semen

Third stage: when boys are 14 or 15 (puberty); initiation involves long hikes, dancing, food deprivation, etc. after initiation boys become fellatees rather than fellators: the "work" and "play" of this youthful sexuality; they are "bachelor"

Fourth stage: around 17 years old; preparing for marriage and getting married; brides usually much younger (14 or 15)

Fifth stage: 18/19/20/21 years old; period of bisexuality; have oral sex with wives

Sixth stage: after birth of child, fully heterosexual from here on out; learn the myth of Numboolyu and Chemchi